Protection · Switchgear
Anti-Pumping Relay: Why a Circuit Breaker Does Not Keep Closing
An anti-pumping function prevents a circuit breaker from repeatedly closing and opening in response to one continuous closing command. The…
2026-10-31Explore the library
Guide library
Search the library or browse a subject.
Transmission
Transformer Oil: Insulation, Cooling and Condition
In an oil-filled transformer, insulating liquid helps separate electrical parts and carries heat away from internal components. Its…
2026-10-31
Q&A
Electrical Knowledge Quiz: Faults and Protection
Explore these questions about power-system faults and protection. Choose “Show answer” to reveal each explanation. 1. What is an electrical…
2026-10-31
Q&A
Electrical Knowledge Quiz: Generation and Equipment
Explore six introductory questions about electricity generation and substation equipment. Open each answer to see an explanation and a…
2026-10-31
Generation
Direct Current Systems in Generating Stations
A generating station can have direct-current equipment in addition to the systems used to produce and distribute alternating-current power.…
2026-10-31
Protection
Faults in Power Systems
An electrical fault is an abnormal condition that disrupts the intended operation of a power system. Faults can occur in transmission or…
2026-10-31
Protection
Introduction to Power System Protection
Power-system protection uses measurements and protective devices to respond to electrical faults and other abnormal conditions. Its purpose…
2026-10-31
Transmission
Electrical Tools and Equipment Used in Substations
Substation work calls for different equipment depending on the task, the installation and its electrical hazards. A voltage detector, a…
2026-10-31
Transmission
CT Console Box Wiring: Secondary-Circuit Overview
A current transformer (CT) supplies a representation of current to measuring instruments and protective relays. In a substation, the…
2026-10-31
Q&A
Electrical Engineering Simulation Study Ideas
MATLAB can be used to investigate questions in electrical engineering, but a useful study begins with a defined system and a question that…
2026-10-31
Q&A
Electrical Engineering Careers: Work, Skills and Preparation
Electrical engineers work on equipment, components and systems used in commercial, industrial, scientific and other settings. In the United…
2026-10-31
Q&A
Secure Apex 100 Energy Meter: An Overview
The Apex 100 is a bulk energy meter described by Secure Meters for generation, transmission and bulk power transfer points. The…
2026-10-31
Transmission
Equipment Used in Electrical Substations
Substations connect parts of an electrical power system and may change voltage, switch circuits, or both. Their equipment varies with the…
2026-10-31
Generation
Four Ways Electricity Can Be Produced
Hydroelectric, wind, steam-turbine and solar photovoltaic installations are four examples of ways to produce electricity. They are not a…
2026-10-31
Transmission
On-Load Tap Changers: How Transformers Adjust Voltage
An on-load tap changer (OLTC) lets a transformer adjust its voltage ratio in steps while continuing to supply its load. It changes which…
2026-10-31
Transmission
Surge Arresters in Electrical Substations
A surge arrester helps protect electrical equipment from brief overvoltages. Substations use these devices as part of a broader protection…
2026-10-31
Switchgear · Protection
Current Transformer FAQ: Ratios, Burden and Safety
A conventional current transformer (CT) helps instruments and protective relays work with a representation of alternating current flowing…
2026-10-31
Transmission · Switchgear
Busbar FAQ: Arrangements, Materials and Safety
A busbar is a common conductor used to connect electrical circuits. In a substation, it provides a connection point for circuits operating…
2026-10-31
Switchgear
SF6 Circuit Breaker Gas Compartments
A sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) circuit breaker uses gas as part of its current-interruption system. The National Instructional Media…
2026-10-31
Transmission
Local Control Cubicles in Substations
A local control cubicle (LCC) can provide a point for control and monitoring associated with substation equipment. The equipment it serves…
2026-10-31
Transmission · Switchgear
Gas-Insulated Substations: An Introduction
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) can form part of a substation's switching arrangement. Its configuration depends on the equipment selected.…
2026-10-31
Transmission
Battery Systems in Grid Substations
A grid substation uses auxiliary systems alongside its high-voltage equipment. One such system brings together batteries, charging…
2026-10-31
Switchgear
Testing of Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker is a critical component in the electric power system. Incorrect operation of circuit breakers can have disastrous…
2023-03-18
Distribution
Faults in Distribution Lines
Fault analysis is conducted by DISCOM Engineers for the following purposes Locate faults Know the cause, Determine if protective equipment…
2023-03-17
Distribution
Distribution System Overview
A power distribution system is designed to deliver power from distribution substations to consumers at various voltage levels. The two…
2023-03-16
Switchgear
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE
Objective of Maintenance For achieving the maximum availability of this Service in the power system, standard procedures of transformer…
2022-12-26
Protection
OVERVIEW OF GENERATOR PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION Protection of generators is a challenging task because of their system is connected to the power grid, prime mover, and DC…
2022-12-24
Generation
TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM
Classified into three broad categories based on the excitation power source: • DC excitation systems • AC excitation systems Static…
2022-12-23
Generation
Functions and Performance Requirements of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and to perform control and…
2022-12-23
Generation
Thermal Power Station
In this article, we will discuss the means and steps involved in the production of electricity in a coal-fired power station are described…
2022-12-18
Generation
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SOURCES
INTRODUCTION T he increase of energy demand is pushing research interest in several distinct directions. Among these, distributed power…
2022-12-18
Protection
Distance Protection
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power from one place to far distant places where power has to be consumed. We used long…
2022-12-18
Distribution · Protection
Types of Fault in Power System
Introduction Electrical powers system is growing in size and complexity in all sectors such as generation , transmission , distribution,…
2022-11-25
Switchgear · Transmission
Transformer
This electrical transformer training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of power transformers. This includes a…
2022-11-25
Switchgear
Transformer Oil Dielectric strength
Transformer oil Insulating oil in an electrical power transformer is commonly called as transformer oil. It can be obtained by fractional…
2022-11-25
Generation · Transmission
Three Phase Control Wiring
This three-phase control wiring training course introduces basic safe operational aspects of electrical wiring in grid substations. Step by…
2022-11-25
Distribution · Switchgear
Sub-Station Operation
Equi-Potential Concept This concept is an important tool for the air break switch (Isolator) inside the sub-station. The terminals in the…
2022-11-25
Generation
Industrial Tools
Tools and plants mean all appliances or things of whatsoever nature required for the execution, completion, or maintenance of the services…
2022-11-25
Generation
Hydropower Station
Hydro Power Station Hydropower Stations are used as a piece of machinery that directly converts the hydraulic power in a waterfall to…
2022-11-25
Protection · Switchgear
Fire Fighting System
INTRODUCTION:- Fire is the prime element of destruction. The damage caused by Fire is continuously increasing and no installation is free…
2022-11-25
Protection
Electrical Safety
Electrical Injuries: Effects and Causes In this article, we will know about what is an electrical injury, what are the causes of electrical…
2022-11-25
Switchgear
Electrical Busbar
This electrical Busbar training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of busbars with a focus on safe operation,…
2022-11-25
Generation
Diesel Generator
In some fatal cases like insulation breakdown in VCB insulator posts, short circuits of tripping/closing coils, etc. in the sub-station ,…
2022-11-25
Protection
Circuit Breaker
INTRODUCTION First of all, Thomas Edison introduced circuit breakers in his patent application to protect circuit wiring in case of short…
2022-11-25
Protection
Power System Protection
Objectives Introduction to power system protection Understand the need for the protection of electric equipment and their protection…
2022-11-25
Generation · Switchgear
Operation of Float Cum Boost Charger
DC voltage is most stable and reliable in nature for which the control and protection circuits in substations and power stations are…
2022-11-24
Transmission
High Voltage DC Transmission
Conventionally power transmission is affected through High Voltage AC systems all over the world.HVAC transmission is having severe…
2022-11-24
Transmission
High Voltage AC Transmission
Course Objectives conduct safe HVAC switchyard operation understand principles of systematic maintenance of various switchyard equipment of…
2022-11-24
Distribution · Switchgear
Electrical Sub-Station
Here in this video, you will find an introduction to electrical power transmission equipment. One can get a glimpse of the Transmission…
2022-11-24
Protection
OVERVIEW OF TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
There are different kinds of transformers such as distribution transformers, power transformers, autotransformers, regulating transformers,…
2022-11-20
Electrical engineering
Electrical Injuries: Causes and Effects
Electrical contact can cause burns and injuries inside the body. A small mark on the skin does not necessarily show how serious the injury…
Guide
Transmission
High Voltage Direct Current- Transmission Network
Conventionally power transmission is affected through High Voltage AC systems all over the world.HVAC transmission is having severe…
Guide
Transmission
Transmission Line: Classification and Components
This electrical transmission line training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of transmission towers and lines…
Guide
Switchgear
Types of Current Transformers-Overview
This electrical Current Transformer(CT) training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of CTs with a focus on safe…
Guide
Switchgear
Transformer
This electrical transformer training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of transformers with a focus on safe…
Guide
Switchgear
Lightening Arrester-Working Principle and Tests Conducted
This electrical Lightening Arrester(LA) training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of LAs with a focus on safe…
Guide
Switchgear
Isolator In Substation: Classification & Operation
Definition •Isolator is a mechanical switch that isolates a part of the circuit from the system when required. Isolators are used to open a…
Guide
Switchgear
Insulators used in grid sub-stations-Types and Properties
This electrical Insulator training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of insulators with a focus on safe…
Guide
Switchgear
Fire Fighting System in electrical substation
INTRODUCTION:- Fire is the prime element of destruction. The damage caused by Fire is continuously increasing and no installation is free…
Guide
Switchgear
How a Diesel Generator is operated and maintained?
The Main Parts Of A Diesel Generator * Diesel Engine. * Alternator. * Fuel System. * Voltage Regulator. * Cooling System & Exhaust System.…
Guide
Switchgear
Clamps and Connectors used in Sub-Station
APPLICATIONS To connect conductors with equipment terminals To connect two conductors To provide conductive support to busbar To provide…
Guide
Switchgear
Circuit Breaker-Operation and Maintenance
Background This guide introduces the purpose, operation and types of circuit breakers used in electrical systems, including substations.…
Guide
Switchgear
Busbar-Types of Busbar and ground clearances
This electrical Busbar training course introduces basic safe operational and field diagnostics of busbars with a focus on safe operation,…
Guide
Switchgear
Battery Charger-Types of Charging and their operation
DC voltage is most stable and reliable in nature for which the control and protection circuits in substations and power stations are…
Guide
Switchgear
What are the components of a Sub-Station?
33KV Switchyard showing the sub-station components in a bay Components of Sub-Station Switchyard What are the major equipment of a…
Guide
Transmission
High Voltage AC Transmission-Overview
Introduction to Sub-Station Engineering Course OBJECTIVES conduct safe HVAC switchyard operation understand principles of systematic…
Guide
Electrical engineering
Practical training on T&D systems
Explore transmission and distribution systems, substations and the equipment used in power networks. Electrical Switchgear and…
Guide
Electrical engineering
Transmission Towers
How supports serve a line Overhead transmission supports hold conductors at designed positions along a route. Their arrangement must…
Guide
Protection
Trip Circuit Supervision
Why supervise the trip circuit A protection system needs a working path from its trip command to the circuit breaker. Trip circuit…
Guide
Protection
Transformer Differential Protection
Basic principle Differential protection compares currents associated with the boundaries of a protected zone. A difference can indicate a…
Guide
Switchgear · Transmission
Transformer Oil and Winding Temperature Indicators
Two temperature indications Oil temperature and winding temperature indications provide different information about a transformer.…
Guide
Switchgear · Transmission
Potential Transformers
Purpose A potential transformer, also called a voltage transformer, provides a scaled voltage for measurement and protection. Its primary…
Guide
Switchgear
Isolators in Substations
Purpose An isolator, also called a disconnector, separates a circuit from a supply. It is part of an isolation arrangement; the presence of…
Guide
Switchgear
Electrical Insulators
The basic function An insulator separates an energized conductor from another conductive part while also supporting a mechanical load.…
Guide
Switchgear · Transmission
Transformer Insulation Resistance
What is measured An insulation resistance test is used to assess the condition of a transformer insulation system. It is one part of a…
Guide
Generation · Switchgear
DC Systems in Generating Stations
Why a DC supply is used A station DC system supports control and protection equipment that must remain available when the normal AC supply…
Guide
Switchgear
Current Transformers
Purpose A current transformer, or CT, provides a reduced representation of current to instruments and protective relays. Metering and…
Guide
Switchgear
Clamps and Connectors in Power Systems
Mechanical and electrical roles Clamps and connectors are fittings used to attach or join conductors and related equipment. A connection…
Guide
Switchgear
Battery Charger Functions in a Station DC System
The charger’s role A station charger converts AC supply to DC for the station system and battery. The exact architecture and operating…
Guide
Switchgear
Energy Meter Multiplying Factors
Why a multiplier may be needed Instrument transformers provide scaled representations of primary current and voltage to a meter. Whether…
Guide